Transnational Corporate Crime Free Essay Example, 3000 words

Thus crimes are often observed from this context of how individuals confirm to certain standard norms and procedures and as such any deviations from such norms may result into crimes being committed by the individuals. However, to define corporate crimes fully by this standard is relatively more difficult as many researchers have only been able to find a partial support for defining and explaining corporate crimes with the help of Differential Crime Theory. Right from the end of last century and start of 21st century, there are increasing number of corporate crimes that are coming to the attention of general public and investigators. The corporate scandals of Enron and World Com indicate that the corporate world often involves itself into activities which may be detrimental to the society. Recent financial meltdown and subsequent unearthing of the practices adapted by top financial institutions of the world such as RBS. There is no particular or preferred characterization of the corporate crimes as there are different definitions that have been put forward by the different authors and researchers. (Hartley, 2008). 3 It is because of this that there are different dimensions to the corporate crimes as not only victims are considered as the chief dimension of the corporate crime but the nature and overall status of the organization is also considered as one of the determining factors behind defining corporate crimes. We will write a custom essay sample on Transnational Corporate Crime or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now Apart from this, corporate crimes are also often classified based on the type of industry within which the firm is operating. This is also because of the fact that most of the corporate crimes that have came out mostly belong to certain particular industries such as oil and gas, pharmaceutical etc. whatever, the characterization of the corporate crimes are, it is often argued that the organizations of every kind are involved in it. The recent publicizing of the corporate scandals all over the world have made them relatively more exposed and general public is giving more attention to them due to exposure to such crimes by the media. The results of such attention to corporate crimes therefore have now resulted into the managers, owners and shareholders of the business paying more attention to the way the business is conducted and the activities that typically constitute any business. 4 It is also argued that the employees and managers of the firms often get away with the much of the media attention because of their control over the contents of information that is released to the media and public.

Attachment Between An Infant And A Caregiver - 1278 Words

Secure, Avoidant, Ambivalent and Disorganized Attachment Theories Attachment between an Infant and a Caregiver Human nature has evolved in ways that allow for people to develop deep connections with one another. These connections are always extremely vulnerable in the very early stages of our infancy. From the moment we are born, we innately seek to forge an attachment with our caregivers; mostly because without it, we would not survive. Evidently, we are biologically programmed to bond with our mothers (or closest caregivers), immediately after birth. More often than not, this is a reciprocal connection which establishes an enduring emotional relationship that inevitably shapes our growth and development. Our capacities to adapt to our environment are inextricably bound to the attachments we form with our closest caregivers. The following examples of attachment styles are a result of controlled studies which were conducted in a laboratory environment. The theories that unfolded, as a result of these studies, were pioneered by John Bowlby in the 1950s. Later, in the mid-1960s, Mary Ainsworth, a student of Bowlby, conducted further studies to help solidify theories of attachment between mother and child. These classic sets of experiments are referred to at the Strange Situation and continue to be used today to help us understand the bonds that are created and how they may predict future behaviors. Secure Attachment Usually, by the time a baby is one year old, anShow MoreRelatedInfant Attachment Is The Bond Between An Infant And Their Caregivers2241 Words   |  9 PagesInfant attachment is the bond between an infant and their caregivers. An infant’s early attachment to their primary caregiver (PCG) is often seen as the foundation for all future development (Fairbairn, 1952). Individual difference perspectives have focused greatly on the predictive power of attachment because parents want to raise healthy, well-adjusted, normal children and are often concerned about the extent to which their parental upbringing skills can impact their child’s future. AttachmentRead MoreResearch On Attachment Theory On The Bonds Created Between Infants And Their Caregivers1730 Words   |  7 PagesTraditional research on Attachment Theory focuses on the bonds created between infants and their caregivers within the first few years of life. When tested, these children typically display an â€Å"or ganized† pattern of behavior when seeking comfort and safety from their caregiver. Organized attachments are those that follow a specific pattern of behavior and are clearly defined as secure, insecure—avoidant, or insecure—ambivalent. However, there remains a percentage of children who fail to engageRead MoreAttachment Is Defined As The Bond Between An Infant And A Primary Caregiver And The Reaction Essay1925 Words   |  8 PagesStaton Attachment is defined as the bond that is formed between an infant and a primary caregiver and the reaction an infant has during separation when reuniting with his/her primary caregiver (Lee, 2003). Since parents, biology, and culture influence attachment, children will experience different effects and results based on how attachment develops. In 1964, Rudolph Schaffer and Peggy Emerson conducted a study in which they studied babies and developed a sequential progression of attachment. IndiscriminateRead MoreThe s Theory Of Human Attachment1421 Words   |  6 Pagesdisciplinarian, caregiver, and attachment figure (Benoit, 2004). However, the most important role for parents is as an attachment figure, which can predict the child’s later social and emotional outcome. The first six months, therefore, is the most crucial period for parents and infants to develop this connection. Many people often have mistaken attachment with bonding. Bonding is referring to physical contact, and in this case depended on skin-to-skin contact child during early infant years. This conceptRead MoreAttachment Theory on Socio-Emtionals Development of Children1435 Words   |  6 PagesAttachment Theory: One of the most studied topics in today’s psychology is the attachment theory whose common references are from attachment models by Bowlby and Ainsworth. Since its introduction, the concept has developed to become one of the most significant theoretical schemes for understanding the socio-emotional development of children at an early stage. In addition, the theory is also developing into one of the most prominent models that guide parent-child relationships. Some of the keyRead MoreBowlby s Evolutionary Theory Of Attachment1497 Words   |  6 PagesBowlby defined attachment as â€Å"a lasting psychological integration bounded by human beings† (Bowlby, 1969, p.194). However, attachment can also be described as a strong, mutual, emotional connection or relationship formed between two people, mostly between infant and its caregiver. According to Macoby (1988) attachment has four key characteristics which are: proximity; where an infant always want to stay near the att ached caregiver. Separation anxiety; is when the infant is distressed when separatedRead MoreThe Theories And Principles Of Attachment Theory1621 Words   |  7 PagesExploration of Attachment Theory Fully describe the theory including the main concepts and principles Attachment theory is a concept that explores the importance of attachment in respect to direct development. â€Å"It is a deep and enduring emotional bond that connects one person to another across time and space† (Bowlby, 1969; McLeod, 2009). It is the relationship that develops within the first year of the infant’s life between them and their caregiver. The theory also relates to the quality of theRead MoreStages Of Attachment Of The Infant s Attachment1211 Words   |  5 PagesStages of attachment. Another of Bowlby’s contributions is his proposal that the infant’s attachment to caregiver develops in stages attuned to the infant’s cognitive and emotional development. As described by Broderick Blewitt (2015), a bond emerges from the affect between mother and child in the first two months as the infant signals their needs by clinging, smiling, and crying. During this stage infants are not yet attached to anyone and do not discriminate between caregivers. Between theirRead MoreA Childs Cognitive Growth1159 Words   |  5 Pagesis human development. Humans go through several stages of development, one of them being infant development. This stage is critical to a child’s cognitive growth. The various stages of infant development each hold equal significance and should be developed appropriately. Infants are especially sensitive and receptive to certain stimuli during this stage. One of the physical developments occurring in infants during this time is a fifty percent increase in brain mass. This stage of development is clearlyRead MoreEarly Infant Attachment And Subsequent Development1005 Words   |  5 PagesAnalyze the research on early infant attachment and subsequent development. The infant-caregiver relationship is vastly important to the proper and healthy development of an infant and throughout the duration of the infant’s life. However, the types of relationships attained through attachments as well as socialization goals vary across cultures (Gross, 2011).Secure infant attachments are however, extremely important to overall healthy psychosocial development and prosocial behavior and can be analyzed

Cloning Essay Research Paper Twenty years ago free essay sample

Cloning Essay, Research Paper Twenty old ages ago, scientists said that cloning was wholly impossible. But now, the scientific discipline of cloning has come to realisation. Imagine run intoing an exact reproduction of person. They look likewise, think likewise, and even have the same familial make-up. No, this International Relations and Security Network # 8217 ; t an episode of Star Trek, this is world. This is the new universe of cloning, and thanks to a 7-month-old sheep named Dolly, a new scientific discipline has been born. As with every new scientific discipline, there are those who believe in it, and those who oppose it. The new engineering of cloning should be utilized because it could convey back nonextant being, aid infertile twosomes to hold kids, and potentially salvage many lives. Cloning could convey back nonextant animate beings. Over 1000000s of old ages, 1000s of different species hold gone nonextant. Most were due to # 8220 ; natural choice # 8221 ; , while several others were due to human intercession. Harmonizing to the Encarta Encyclopedia, 1997, # 8220 ; about two-thirds of all the native bird species and tenth part of the native workss originally found on the Hawaiian Islands have gone nonextant late. Most of these losingss have been of species unique to the Hawaiian archipelago. Marauders, rivals, or diseases introduced by worlds from Continental countries are responsible for many of the extinctions. Many staying species on pelagic islands are threatened or endangered. # 8221 ; With cloning, many of the carnal species, and potentially several of the works species could be brought back to life. Even though there is presently no technique for conveying the workss back, with engineering progressing so rapidly, we could hold a solution rather shortly. Cloning, though now limited to an! imal topics, potentially has important human applications. Cloning will assist a twosome who would usually be unable to hold kids because one of them was infertile. In the instance of an infertile male parent, scientists take an egg from the female parent, take its karyon, so take a cell from the male parent, take its karyon, and topographic point the karyon inside the empty egg. That cell now Acts of the Apostless as a generative degree Celsius ell. They so put the egg in the mothers’ uterus, and delay for consequences. Unfortunately, this method has a really low success rate. Harmonizing to Gina Kolata of the New York Times, February 23, 1997, in the experiments with the sheep, 277 cells were attempted. Twenty-nine of those developed into embryos. When those cells were transferred to the female sheep, merely 13 became pregnant. Of those 13s, merely one carried the gestation to full term and delivered a unrecorded lamb. However, with the ever-progressing engineering, scientists will be able to accomplish higher success rates. The power of cloning can non merely be used to make life, it! can besides be used to salvage it. Cloning has many medical benefits that could be utilized. It could be used to retroflex variety meats from animate beings that would be suited for graft into worlds. This procedure would increase the sum of people who could be saved. Since there would be more variety meats, the waiting lists for grafts would become much shorter. Harmonizing to James Glassman or the Denver Post, February 26, 1997, # 8220 ; Engineered animate beings like hogs could be cloned and harvested for variety meats to transfer into ill worlds # 8221 ; . This would be much easier, because you don # 8217 ; Ts have to wait for an organ giver. Cloning can besides animate certain genetically engineered animate beings that carry helpful substances. In the instance of the sheep, the chief merchandise that they are seeking to acquire is AAT, a sheep # 8217 ; s milk now in clinical tests for usage in handling cystic fibrosis. ( CNN on-line, February 23, 1997 ) Besides, harmonizing to the Grolier Electronic Encyclopedia, 1992, # 8220 ; ringers have produced such medically of import substances as Insu! Lin, interferon, and growing endocrine # 8221 ; . Due to the overpowering positive deductions, society must encompass this new engineering. The scientific discipline of cloning should be used because it could raise nonextant animate beings, give twosomes a new hope, and medical scientific discipline now has a new tool that could potentially salvage 1000s of lives. Cloning, one time the material of scientific discipline fiction, will with recent progresss become an built-in portion of our society.

Why do Historians tend to disagree so much Essay Example Essay Example

Why do Historians tend to disagree so much? Essay Example Paper Why do Historians tend to disagree so much Essay Introduction History is the continuum of events occurring in succession leading from the past to the present and even into the future. There are many different views as to what history is, but when studying history as events it is not surprising that historians disagree. Anything from American slavery, the Napoleonic Empire, the Industrial Revolution to the Third Reich all has raised much controversy. This is because there are so many answers to the causes and consequences of each. History is based on debates, they are important to discover more about the subject and to get a further insight to a topic. One of the key principles of history is that there is no right of wrong opinion of past events. Disagreement and debates also make history interesting and provides young historians with certain skills. Today, historians will often disagree on a topic because they see themselves not simply as storytellers but as problem solvers, therefore different views on topics arise. If historians thought of th emselves as ‘storytellers’ as they did in the seventeenth century then probably most historians would agree but a lot of the history would be inaccurate. Another reason why so many historians disagree is it is suggested that the past is ‘problematic.’ History is difficult, therefore there are going to be different thoughts or answers to different topics. Also, historians know a limited amount about the past therefore what is written by academics is bound to be different and debatable. For example, it is not dates that are debatable (in most cases), no one can deny nor disagree that King Harold was killed at the Battle of Hastings in 1066. However, if one was to ask, â€Å"what was the significance of Harold’s death?† then a huge debate is open to historians. It is often the question of significance of such events that causes historians to disagree so much. Why do Historians tend to disagree so much? Essay Body Paragraphs Historians will always disagree because they are always going to be from different interest groups, classes, countries and localities, religions, cultures and ideologies therefore all see history in contrasting ways. All come from different backgrounds, therefore all have been brought up to have different views on events and people. For example, A.J.P. Taylor came from a very left wing, politically radical rich family who flirted with communism. Thus, this in turn would have affected his writings on Bismarck and the World Wars, as well as his traditional narrative style of writing that many historians frowned upon and disagreed with. The past has considerable ‘political leverage’ – thus when studying history (the past), it is on ‘contested terrain.’ For example, between left versus right, Whigs versus Tories, nationalities versus nationalities – thus creating many disagreements among historians. Historians are likely to find themselves disputin g when studying a topic because their writings are expected to be based on different sources. For example, in the Soviet Union under Josef Stalin, history was repeatedly rewritten. If one were to study and write about the part played by Leon Trotsky in the October Revolution in 1917, it would be a very debatable subject due to the sources altered by Stalin eliminating Trotsky’s part. Although it has been proved that Trotsky was an important figure, many historians may agree with the sources changed by Stalin and base their writings on them – causing a huge amount of disagreement among historians. An example of a controversial topic that many historians would disagree upon is Stalinism. Common debates include whether Stalinism was inevitable after Lenin’s death or if NEP and other certain policies under Lenin could have continued and have been just as productive and efficient as Stalin’s collectivisation or Five year plans. Stalinism is a typical example o f a topic that many historians would disagree about because it is so controversial. For example, when studying the Great Terror and purges, some would say that Stalin didn’t really contribute to the terror or not at all in the case of a writer such as Rittersporn. On the other hand, a historian such as Robert Conquest (The Great Terror) would disagree stating that Stalin was directly responsible. Why do they disagree? Apart from it being such a controversial topic, there will be other factors involved such as background or the sources where they attained the information. â€Å"For the historian, as for everyone else, it is bound to involve one’s own past; one’s professional preoccupations; and one’s predilections, be they loves or hatreds, likes or dislikes, opinions or prejudices..† Written by John Clive who has investigated a little as to why historians argue. It is true, that whenever a historian writes their views about an event of topic, they are likely to be different to others due to their background etc. (as stated above); thus causing disputes. For example, if a man or woman was to write about Irish history, what they write would very much be influenced as to whether they were Catholic or Protestant. This is a very good black and white example as to why a historian would disagree due to their religious background if they were to study a topic such as Wolfe Tone or the Irish divide. Many historians have disagreed in the past a great deal even against will. Many historians have lived under a dictatorship; therefore there writings have had to complement the dictators’ of that particular country. For example, a Russian historian writing about Russian History under the dictatorship and totalitarian society of Stalin would very much be under the influence of Stalin. If the history written were not to agree with the history of the regime he would most likely find himself killed. Therefore, out of terror historical wr itings are likely to be different to those of western historians thus in disagreement. This would have also been the case under Mussolini in Italy, Hitler in Germany and the lengthy rule of Francisco Franco in Spain. The topic of Stalinism is a good example as to why historians disagree, and can be used as to why a historian may disagree with another due to background or past experiences. Many will argue that Stalin betrayed the revolution and destroyed Leninism and the foundations for the new society that would be found. Leon Trotsky was a firm believer of this. However why may Trotsky disagree with other historians who may believe that Stalin was the heir of the revolution and a great Communist? It could be and most likely is because Trotsky had a substantial bitterness against Stalin. Trotsky was probably the most likely to succeed Lenin after his death in 1924 but in the end he was exiled because of Stalin – this would have had some bearing on his writings and is another example of a historian in disagreement due to their past and background, apart from it being a highly controversial topic. A similar controversial topic includes Napoleon Bonaparte and his empire. Many historians will disagree as to whether he was the heir or the betrayer of the French Revolution – that what Napoleon did, was only carried out to serve him and not the revolution or nation. Napoleon is another example, similar to Stalinism, of a controversial subject – thus a great deal of disagreement among historians. For example, was the coronation of Napoleon in 1804 significant? This is comparable with the question of whether the coronation of Charlemagne in 800 was significant. These are both topics where there are so many views that few historians can agree with each other. It is inevitable that different historians are going to disagree on the significance because it is difficult to identify how the Frankish empire or Napoleonic Empire altered after these coronat ions – hence there is a great deal of dispute. Still under the subject of Napoleon, many historians have done and will continue to quarrel when writing about the man or his regime due to the fact that he was a master of propaganda and wrote his own legend. Therefore, it can be difficult when writing biographies for example – hence why many have been unique and different by such historians as Robert Alexander and J. M. Thompson. A good example of this would be the Battle of Marengo in which Napoleon altered the course of the battle in writings to glorify himself. Historians will often disagree as to when they write their findings. For example, writings on Richard III by men such as Thomas Moore or Polydore Vergil would be in disagreement with ones today or recently because they were written in the 16th century. Also, over the centuries the views on Richard III have transformed a great deal due to new findings, therefore writings are likely to be in dissimilarity. Also, the topic of historical controversies on Richard III can be used as another example of historians in disagreement due to background. Any writings during this time by a historian would largely be orientated as to whether you were in support of the House of York or Lancashire. Historians can disagree for a number of reasons, one of which maybe because they enjoy it. Many disagree to cause controversy and to gain publicity – many believe this is the reason why A.J.P. Taylor wrote the way he did in the 20th century. One example that can be studied came recently in The Daily Telegraph on the 3rd November 2003. â€Å"Rob Roy, one of Scotland’s most celebrated folk heroes, was really a confidence trickster who spied for the English army, according to the first academic investigation into his life.† An article written by Tom Peterkin writes about how Prof David Stevenson, of St Andrews University has written about a book challenging the belief that Rob Roy MacGregor was a Robin Hood figure who stole from the rich to give to the poor. Perhaps the most controversial claim concerns Roy’s behaviour during the Jacobite Rebellion of 1715 when he betrayed his clan by acting as a paid agent to help the English army. Many Scottish historians would violently disagree with this as up until now he has been thought of a national hero. Stevenson’s motives to his findings and writings can be debated, but it is another example of a historian disagreeing. And in this case, due to little tangible evidence apparently revealed – it could be believed it is because many historians like publicity and enjoy controversy. Therefore, whether studying any of the topics from Richard III, Napoleon, Stalinism and even A.J.P. Taylor there are a number of reasons as to why historians disagree. These can range from the background of the person it is written by (e.g. religion), when it was written, whether it is a controversial subject or even if the historian just enjoys controversy and disagreement for his/hers own publicity. Most importantly though, it is because this is history and there is no right or wrong view on a period or topic, there are opinions – thus many may even disagree with what has been written here. We will write a custom essay sample on Why do Historians tend to disagree so much? Essay Example specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Why do Historians tend to disagree so much? Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Why do Historians tend to disagree so much? Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer